Introduction

Article 29.2 of Irish Constitution states that:
"Ireland affirms its adherence to the principle of the pacific settlement of international disputes by international arbitration or judicial determination."

The peaceful settlement of disputes is an essential feature of any effective legal system. A commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes expresses a willingness to solve disagreements by agreed principles and rules. In addition to judicial determination of disputes, states often resort to arbitration and conciliation. A growth in the number of international dispute settlement bodies is a current characteristic of the international legal order.

A further notable area of recent growth has been the field of international criminal justice. While tracing its origins back to the Nuremburg and Tokyo Trials following World War II, the establishment of the ad hoc criminal tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in the 1990s marked the beginning of a new era in international criminal law. This movement towards ending impunity culminated in the establishment of the first permanent International Criminal Court in 2002, upon the entry into force of the Rome Statute.

In more recent years a “third generation” of hybrid courts have also been established to deal with past atrocities: Crimes Panels of the District Court of Dili, East Timor; “Regulation 64” Panels in the Courts of Kosovo; the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia.  
 
A detailed study of this proliferation of international judicial organisations, together with useful materials and links, is available from the website of the Project on International Courts and Tribunals by clicking on this link.